Dans les années 1960, le Gabinete Técnico de Habitação est chargé par la mairie de Lisbonne de mettre en œuvre un vaste programme de logement social. En parallèle avec la planification et la construction des premiers grands ensembles lisboètes, ce bureau élabore un diagnostic statistique sur la pénurie de logements dans la ville. Portant sur les bidonvilles, la sous-location et le surpeuplement des logements, cette enquête lui permet d'énoncer une situation de crise du logement. En analysant cette qualification politique aussi bien que les critiques formulées contre les modes d'action publique de l'Estado Novo, on accède aux catégories et aux contenus qui sont aux sources de la réforme du logement social engagée à la fin de la décennie. L'histoire de cette crise du logement permet d'éclairer les changements observés dans les modes étatiques de gestion du problème du logement à Lisbonne durant les dernières années du régime dictatorial et dans une phase d'urbanisation accélérée.
Résumé Cet article analyse le rassemblement quotidien d'un groupe d'hommes jouant aux cartes sur l'un des trottoirs de leur quartier de résidence. Cette pratique est perçue ici comme une figuration de rue, notion qui permet l'interprétation de ses effets sur l'élaboration des formes de sociabilité dans un espace public de proximité. En reconstituant l'émergence et la consolidation de ce petit monde social, on explore la production d'un ordre social local. À la fin de l'article, le caractère public de cette figuration de rue est débattu (ou analysé), en considérant la manière dont cet usage de l'espace et la sociabilité qui y est pratiquée transforment la condition sociale et urbaine des protagonistes.
Desertification is a critical issue for Mediterranean drylands. Climate change is expected to aggravate its extension and severity by reinforcing the biophysical driving forces behind desertification processes: hydrology, vegetation cover and soil erosion. The main objective of this thesis is to assess the vulnerability of Mediterranean watersheds to climate change, by estimating impacts on desertification drivers and the watersheds' resilience to them. To achieve this objective, a modeling framework capable of analyzing the processes linking climate and the main drivers is developed. The framework couples different models adapted to different spatial and temporal scales. A new model for the event scale is developed, the MEFIDIS model, with a focus on the particular processes governing Mediterranean watersheds. Model results are compared with desertification thresholds to estimate resilience. This methodology is applied to two contrasting study areas: the Guadiana and the Tejo, which currently present a semi-arid and humid climate. The main conclusions taken from this work can be summarized as follows: • hydrological processes show a high sensitivity to climate change, leading to a significant decrease in runoff and an increase in temporal variability; • vegetation processes appear to be less sensitive, with negative impacts for agricultural species and forests, and positive impacts for Mediterranean species; • changes to soil erosion processes appear to depend on the balance between changes to surface runoff and vegetation cover, itself governed by relationship between changes to temperature and rainfall; • as the magnitude of changes to climate increases, desertification thresholds are surpassed in a sequential way, starting with the watersheds' ability to sustain current water demands and followed by the vegetation support capacity; • the most important thresholds appear to be a temperature increase of +3.5 to +4.5 ºC and a rainfall decrease of -10 to -20 %; • rainfall changes beyond this threshold could lead to severe water stress occurring even if current water uses are moderated, with droughts occurring in 1 out of 4 years; • temperature changes beyond this threshold could lead to a decrease in agricultural yield accompanied by an increase in soil erosion for croplands; • combined changes of temperature and rainfall beyond the thresholds could shift both systems towards a more arid state, leading to severe water stresses and significant changes to the support capacity for current agriculture and natural vegetation in both study areas. ; Supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the European Union under Operational Program "Science and Innovation" (POCI 2010), Ph.D. grant ref. SFRH/BD/5059/2001
An aquaculture investor (AQI) index was developed in order to provide a broad view of the relative attractiveness of 29 different European countries to aquaculture investors. AQI is based on five complementary categories: Market, Production, Regulatory, Environment, and Social, with each category containing four indicators. The attraction of investment into aquaculture depends on the viability of developing aquaculture for each country, and these five categories account for the connectivity in the aquaculture industry. The index benchmarks and tracks countries' progress by producing a quantitative and scalable tool for stakeholders to assess and monitor aquaculture attractiveness, and is designed to rank aquaculture competitiveness for each country. Index scores calculated for Europe range from moderate to good, on a heuristic five-class scale. Countries in Northern Europe with well-established aquaculture sectors score better than countries in Southern Europe. Countries with developing aquaculture sectors tend to score moderately. While high scores within single categories can be achieved, the index rewards countries with high scores across the five categories, to provide a more useful tool for stakeholders. No countries within Europe rank below the middle of the moderate range. The index identifies several countries with high scores that do not have significant aquaculture industries (e.g. Sweden and Finland), and further research is warranted to identify why aquaculture has not been developed. It is expected that as AQI is expanded to lower income countries spanning other geographic regions, countries with lower quality indicator scores will have lower overall scores. The index provides a broad-scale approach across a wide range of categories, and should be interpreted in that context, since it is designed to provide high-level guidance of the general attractiveness for aquaculture in each country. Appropriate due diligence for specific circumstances is warranted by all stakeholders requiring further ...
The present study analyzed the effects from day-before to day-of bodybuilding competition on intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) parameters (resistance, R; reactance, Xc; and derived scores) in bodybuilding athletes. We assessed anthropometry and BIA (foot-to-hand; tetrapolar; 50 kHz) in 11 male bodybuilders (29 ± 4 year-old; 81 ± 8 kg; 172 ± 7 cm; 27 ± 2 kg/m2) both on the pre-competition day and on the contest day. Results revealed significant increases in ICW (31.6 ± 2.9 to 33.1 ± 2.8 L), with concomitant decreases in ECW (19.8 ± 1.8 to 17.2 ± 1.4 L) and TBW (51.4 ± 4.6 to 50.3 ± 4.2 L) from the day-before competition to contest day, which resulted in relatively large increases in the ICW/ECW ratio (1.60 ± 0.03 to 1.92 ± 0.01 L). Moreover, significant increases in R (391 ± 34 to 413 ± 33 ohm), Xc (64 ± 7 to 70 ± 6 ohm), and phase angle (9.3 ± 0.6 to 9.6 ± 0.7 degree) were observed between time periods. The phase angle scores reported on show-day of 9.6 and 11.2 appear to be the highest group mean and individual values observed in the literature to date. In conclusion, the strategies carried out on the final day of peak-week bodybuilding preparation lead to changes in BIA parameters and body water, with fluids shifting from the extra- to the intracellular compartment.
